Analysis of Norman Rockwell’s Painting The Catch Essay -- Norman Rockw

What does one need to be happy? Is it a nice car? Maybe it's a new pair of shoes? What about success? What defines success and what does one need to be successful? The truth is, it depends on one's definition. Success can be defined in different ways. Success could be defined as being financially stable, or it could be something as simple as feeling accomplished with achieved goals. Norman Rockwell’s painting â€Å"The Catch† offers refreshing ideas on what it means to be happy and what one needs to be successful. At first glance, Rockwell’s painting illustrates a successful day of fishing for three young friends, all of whom have their catch for the day strung in one hand and their fishing gear in the other. Out of the three boys in the picture, there is a well-dressed boy in the center, and two boys standing on either side of him. The two boys standing on either side are dressed in rags, and are only using measly twigs for fishing poles. The boy who is positioned in the center of the frame is well-dressed and fitted in elegant clothing, but stands with his shoulders shrugged and with a sullen look on his face. Surprisingly, the two boys in tattered clothes appear ecstatic with bubbly expressions painted ear to ear. The details of the boys’ emotions in Rockwell’s painting raise questions about the relationship between money and happiness. Theories regarding the ties between money and happiness have been thought about for centuries. Shakespeare expressed his theory on the matter when he wrote â€Å"Poor and content is rich, and rich enough† (Shakespeare, 3.3.177). Shakespeare’s words can be translated to the idea that even if a person does not have a lot of money, if that person is content, they are rich enough by means other than mon... ...to be happy and what it means to be successful. Being happy is not the same as being rich, and money is not a necessity for being happy or successful. Money can be facilitative in accomplishing tasks, but money cannot buy success. Works Cited Mihaly Csikszentmihaly. â€Å"Flow, the Secret to Happiness.† TED. February 2004. Guest lecture. Rand, Ayn. Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. Web. 11 June 2015. http://www.aynrand.org/ Rockwell, Norman. The Catch. 1919. Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge. Norman Rockwell Museum. Oil on canvas. November 12, 2013. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice. Ed. Tucker Brooke and Lawrence Mason. New Haven: Yale UP, 1947. Print. Venzia, Mike. Norman Rockwell. Danbury: Grolier, 2000. Print. Wattles, Wallace D. The Science of Getting Rich. Blacksburg: Thrifty Books, 2009. Print.

Relationship Between Self Esteem Stress Health And Social Care Essay

Emerging surveies further reveal that persons who initiate substance usage before 15 old ages of age take an norm of 29 old ages to accomplish one twelvemonth free of substances ( vs. 18 old ages for those who start utilizing after 20 old ages of age ) . In consonant rhyme with the above, the existent quandary of substance maltreatment stems from the fact that mistreating young persons frequently display co-occurring mental wellness issues ( Kim & A ; Jackson, 2009 ) . The early intercessions with those who initiate substance usage during adolescent old ages remain a lost chance for many persons ( Liddle, Rowe, Dakof, Henderson, & A ; Greenbaum, 2009 ) . Eitle ( 2006 ) noted that populating in single-parent families peculiarly the male parent predicted increased marihuanas use among Hispanic/Latinos, but non among African Americans or Whites. Harmonizing to Wagner, Olson, Chou, Pokhrel and Duan, et Al ( 2010 ) , the features of the household such as its operation and construction may play both protective and worsening functions in adolescent substance usage. The hazard factors for early stripling substance maltreatment have been identified ( Hawkins, Catalano, & A ; Miller, 1992 ) , and utilized by research workers to develop intercessions aiming vulnerable striplings ( Dishion, Kavanagh, Schneiger, Nelson, & A ; Kaufman, 2002 ) . However spheres which may chair or intercede the consequence of substance maltreatment on adolescent substance maltreaters remains grossly under researched hence the demand for the present survey on the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, household background and substance maltreatment among striplings. The term substance maltreatment was defined as a unidirectional concept. In kernel the term captures substance maltreatment as one concept, though multi-directional positions exist.Background of the StudyExperts in developmental epidemiology of substance maltreatment suggest that substance usage during adolescence disrupts necessary adolescent developmental procedures ( Liddle, Rowe, Dakof, Henderson, & A ; Greenbaum, 2009 ) thereby easing the divergence from protective influences, such as the household and the school. Scholars every bit contend that it leads to the acceptance of a configuration of aberrant attitudes, activities, associations, an d behaviours ( Okoza, Aluede, Fajoju, & A ; Okhiku, 2009 ; Flory, Lynam, Milich, Leukefeld, & A ; Clayton, 2004 ; Lynskey et al. , 2003 ) . Surveies conducted by the Indiana Preventive Resource Center ( 2003 ) indicated that striplings are normally introduced to substance maltreatment through ‘gateway ‘ drugs such as intoxicant and coffin nails. Furthermore, late emerging surveies suggest that male striplings use and abuse drugs more than their female opposite numbers ( Igwe, Ojinnaka, Ejiofor, Emechebe, & A ; Ibe, 2009 ) . Though, female striplings favor stimulations ( Chassin, Ritter, Trim, & A ; King, 2003 ) .In line with the above, substance maltreatment among striplings continues to be a important public wellness concern. Irrespective of the recent national informations collected in the US which shows lessenings among eighth-graders, 13 % of the group were still reported as holding abused substances in the past 12months ( Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman & A ; Schulenberg, 2008 ) . The writers stated that 5.5 % had reported holding been intoxicated. The theoretical underpinning of adolescent substance maltreatment lies within the context of societal cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) and changing grades of influence as espoused by Bronfenbrenner ( 1979 ) . These theories jointly maintain that parents, sibling, school, and equals account for an striplings overall motor to mistreat drugs. Harmonizing to Baron and Kalsher ( 2008 ) striplings involved in substance maltreatment do so because of the demand to conform to others around which underscores the demand for belongingness. The bookmans stated that striplings learn to utilize consciousness changing drugs because they are by and large in trend. In the position of Dennis and Scott ( 2007 ) an person who developed substance maltreatment jobs initiated the usage during adolescence. To buttress their statement, the bookmans contended that 85 % of about 600 young persons come ining outpatient intervention for marihuana maltreatment or dependance in the hemp young person intervention survey started substance maltreatment before the age of 15 ( Dennis et al. , 2004 ) . The impression of integral household and engagement in spiritual activities has been reported by so many bookmans as a protective factor in the etiology of substance maltreatment ( Wagner et al. , 2010 ; Demuth & A ; Brown, 2004 ; Grunbaum, Kann, Kinchen, Williams, & A ; Ross, 2002 ; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2003 ; Chu, 2007 ; Mack, Leiber, Featherstone & A ; Monserud, 2007. In the position of Brook, Whiteman, Finch and Cohen ( 1998 ) many factors are basically interrelated, and have cumulative effects on the flights of drug maltreatment and delinquency. Rohde, Lewinsohn, and Seeley ( 1996 ) stated that substance maltreatment heralded future depression in female striplings. With available grounds bespeaking that substance usage and behavior jobs before the age of 15 was among the strongest forecasters of chronic offending, depression, school failure, unemployment, relational jobs with equals and household members through adolescence into maturity ( McGue & A ; Iacono, 2005 ) .1.2 Statement of jobThe effects of substance maltreatment among striplings in Nigeria scope from a diminution in academic public presentation, hooky, stealing, contending, chancing and dependence ( Okoza et al. , 2009 ) . Epidemiologic ratings in the state indicate that substance maltreatment is widespread and is one of the most alarming health-related jobs among striplings ( Igwe, Ojinnaka, Ejiofor, Emechebe, & A ; Ibe, 2009 ) . Evidence suggests that the beginning of substance maltreatment is multi-faceted crossing assorted spectrums which includes biological, personal and societal surroundings ( Igwe et al. , 2009 ) . Studies therefore suggest that substance usage among striplings in Nigeria usually occurs in schools, with current estimations confirming the incidence of the phenomenon as high among striplings ( Eneh & A ; Stanley, 2004 ) . Available informations from school studies in Nigeria farther reveal lifting prevalence and diminishing age of oncoming in reported instances of substance maltreatment ( Igwe et al. , 2009 ; Okoza, et al. , 2009 ) . The prevalence degree of the phenomenon was put at 33.7 % , with Alcohol noted as the most normally abused substance ( 31.6 % ) , while hemp was reported as the least ( 4.1 % ) abused substance among Nigerian striplings ( Igwe et al. , 2009 ) . Surveies have besides revealed a rise in ingestion, early induction, increasing female engagement and a tendency in the way of multiple substance usage among striplings in Nigeria ( Igwe et al. , 2009 ) . Oshodi, Aina and Onajole ( 2010 ) contend that the prevalence rates for life-time usage of substances varied from 3.8 % for Heroin and Cocaine to 85.7 % for psycho-stimulants. In the state, current use of substances the bookmans revealed varied from 2 % to 56.5 % . For â€Å" gateway drugs, life-time prevalence was estimated to run from 9.2 % to 5.2 % for intoxicant and baccy severally. However, the life clip use of hemp was put at 4.4 % . With respect to gender, prevalence estimations for males were by and large higher than for their female opposite numbers, except for antibiotics, anodynes heroin and cocaine. However, diverse grounds have been adduced by bookmans as to why adolescent maltreatment drugs, some of which include alleviation from emphasis, to handle unwellness, and to remain awake at dark to analyze ( Oshodi, Aina & A ; Onajole, 2010 ) , still there is a few documented surveies on the inclination of striplings substance maltreatment. This survey therefore intends to make full an bing spread found in the literatures by researching outstanding issues or variables comparatively under studied by bookmans in adolescent substance maltreatment. Some of these issues include the function of self-esteem, emphasis, equal relationship and depression in the anticipation of substance maltreatment among striplings. Despite the being of limited literature peculiarly on the function of self-pride, nevertheless findings remain contradictory. This survey hence seeks to clear up some of the built-in constructs and misconceptions on adolescent substance maltreatment by placing the alone forecaster of the concept substance maltreatment from the host of variables posited for the current survey. Although bookmans agree that the beginnings of substance maltreatment are multi-faceted in nature, nevertheless, few bookmans have examined this multi-faceted nature of substance maltreatment in their surveies peculiarly within the Nigerian context. This survey therefore fills a spread in the literatures by acknowledging the influence of assorted concepts from different spheres in the prognosis of substance maltreatment. This survey is therefore multi-dimensional in capturing aspects from self-esteem, stress, peer-relationship, depression and household background. In surveies with young person in intervention for substance maltreatment, striplings tended to get worse more frequently in state of affairss of direct or indirect societal force per unit area ( 66 % ) compared with grownups ( Ramo & A ; Brown, 2008 ) . In general, the few work on female striplings leaves open the inquiry of temporal sequencing with certain substance maltreatment comorbid factors. Earlier surveies have provided reasonably consistent findings in footings of the protective function of parental monitoring ( Macauly et al. , 2005 ; Parker & A ; Benson, 2004 ) and support ( Olvera, Poston, & A ; Rodriguez, 2006 ; Simantov et al. , 2006 ) . However, most old surveies have non focused on Africans and peculiarly Nigerians. It is clear that among both grownups and striplings, multiple personal and environmental factors influence adolescent substance usage ( Brown & A ; Ramo, 2006 ; Witkiewitz & A ; Marlatt, 2004 ) . The underlining subject of the current survey therefore is to detect how striplings can be protected from substance maltreatment, therefore the usage of concepts like integral household and spiritual activity as go-betweens in the survey on the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, household background and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria.1.2.1 Research inquiryIn line with the statement of job, the undermentioned research inquiries were raised to make full the bing spreads in the research literatures reviewed on the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, household background and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria In position of the identified spreads, the survey will react to the undermentioned research question: What is the background information of striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria? What is the age and gender difference in substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria? Is there any relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, integral household, spiritual activity and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria? What is/are the forecaster ( s ) of substance maltreatment ( self-esteem, emphasis, equal relationship, depression ) ? Is there any interceding consequence of integral household and spiritual activity on the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria?1.2.2 Research aimThe research aim of the current survey will be captured chiefly from two aspects or dimensions. These dimensions include the chief and the specific aim of the survey as captured below.1.2.2.1 General aimThe ultimate end of this research is to find the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, household background and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria.1.2.2.2 Specific aimThe chief aim is supported by the undermentioned exact aims: To depict the background information of striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. To find the age and gender difference in substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. To find the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, integral household, spiritual activity and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. To find the alone forecaster ( s ) of substance maltreatment from self-esteem, emphasis, equal relationship and depression among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. To find the interceding consequence of integral household and spiritual activity on the relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria?1.2.3 Research HypothesesIn response to the specific aims of the current survey, the undermentioned nothing hypotheses were formulated: Ho1: There is no important age difference in substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho2: There is no important gender difference in substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho3: There is no important relationship between self-pride and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho4: There is no important relationship between emphasis and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho5: There is no important relationship between equal relationship and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho6: There is no important relationship between depression and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho7: There is no important relationship between integral household and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho8: There is no important relationship between spiritual activity and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho9: There is no important alone forecaster of substance maltreatment from self-esteem, emphasis, equal relationship and depression among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho10: There is no important interceding consequence of integral household on the relationship between self-pride and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho11: There is no important interceding consequence of integral household on the relationship between emphasis and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho12: There is no important interceding consequence of integral household on the relationship between equal relationship and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho13: There is no important interceding consequence of integral household on the relationship between depression and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho14: There is no important interceding consequence of spiritual activity on the relationship between self-pride and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho15: There is no important interceding consequence of spiritual activity on the relationship between emphasis and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho16: There is no important interceding consequence of spiritual activity on the relationship between equal relationship and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Ho17: There is no important interceding consequence of spiritual activity on the relationship between depression and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria.Theoretical/conceptual modelAlthough different theoretical predications possibly used in explicating substance maltreatment among striplings, nevertheless the present survey will use societal cognitive theory in explicating the diverse relationship that exist among the variables of the survey. On the other manus, ecological systems theory will be used to explicate stress one of the variables used for the survey. Based on the two theoretical predications, the conceptual model for the survey was built.Theoretical modelThe theoretical model of the survey will be guided by the societal cognitive theory as captured by Albert Bandura. The theory was chosen based on its rightness for the current rational exercising and based on its used by most of the research workers whose surveies were reviewed for the presen t academic job. The implicit in dogmas of societal cognitive theory are herewith discussed below.Social Cognitive TheoryThe term societal knowledge implies a broader aggregation of mental activities than societal acquisition ( Thomas, 2005 ) . The cosmopolitan civilization and constellation of societies, communities, groups, and other contexts provide larning chances that determine what is accepted and condemned by striplings. The presence and reaction of people ( for case in refering to societal countenances ) and the continuance of other stimulations attach dissimilar reinforcing or wash uping punishment to persons ‘ behaviour. Social construction can be conceptualized as an apprehension of agendas of beef uping exigency and other societal behavioural variables ( Bandura 1969 ) .BehaviorPERSONAL ENVIRONMENTALFACTORS FACTORS( Cognitive, affective, And biological events )Socio Cognitive Theory of Reciprocal Determinism. Adapted from Bandura ( 1969 )The household, equals, schools, churches, and other gathering offer instant backgrounds that encourage or deter adolescent substance usage. Social cognitive theoretician propose that most striplings larning comes from active imitation or mold of what they see and hears theoretical accounts in the society do. Bandura used the word mold along with such footings as experimental acquisition and vicarious acquisition ( Bandura 1969 ) . Adolescents learn from experience by hive awaying in their memory the consequences of their incidental observation for usage at some ulterior appropriate clip. Therefore, they combine different sunglassess of behaviours to organize new behavioural paradigms.Ecological Systems TheoryEcological systems theory as propounded by Bronfenbrenner ( 1979 ) and other aligned bookmans focus on five primary universes of the stripling ( household, equals, school, societ y and the planetary environment ) 1 ) micro-systems, or the immediate societal contexts that straight influence striplings ( household, school, and equals ; Pantin, Schwartz, Sullivan, Coatsworth, & A ; Szapocznik, 2003 ) ; 2 ) meso-systems, or the connexions between the striplings ‘ universes ( parental engagement in school ) ; 3 ) exo-systems, or the fortunes in a parent ‘s life that indirectly influences striplings ( work emphasis, societal support ) ; 4 ) macro-systems, or the cultural or social ideals that describes a society or civilization ( norms, imposts, belief ) . It influences what, how, when and where striplings carry out their relationship ( Bronfenbrenner, 2005 ) 5 ) chrono-system or the history of relationships in an striplings household ( Swick & A ; Williams, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Pantin, Schwartz, Sullivan, Coatsworth and Szapocznik ( 2003 ) and in line with Bronfenbrenner ( 1979 ) these contexts besides can interact with one another. For illustration, a supportive household or school environment can buffer the harmful effects of vicinity disorganisation, poorness, and force on delinquent striplings ( Cicchetti & A ; Aber, 1998 ) . In the position of Pantin et Al. ( 2003 ) , the household context has the most influence on the stripling. In line with this propositions and sing the cardinal function of the household in civilizations ( Miranda, Bilot, Peluso, Berman, & A ; Van Meek, 2006 ) , household features may be an particularly of import influence on substance usage among Nigerian striplings. Basically, ecological-contextual intercession paradigms have been suggested ( Biglan, 1995 ) , chiefly for early intercession attempts, given the significance of societal contextual factors in finding developmental paths ( Cohen & A ; Siegel, 1991 ) . Basically, family-based multiple-systems-oriented intercessions are compellingly advocated and extensively investigated ( Drug Strategies, 2005 ) .Conceptual modelFrom the research inquiries, aims and posited hypothesis, the conceptual model for the survey is as shown below:Background Independent Mediating DependentIntegral household Ho 10-13 Ho7 Self esteem Substance Maltreatment Stress Age Gender Peer relationship Ho3 – Ho6 Depression Religious Activity Ho 14-17 Ho1 Ho 8 Ho2Conceptual model of the survey on â€Å" Relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, household background and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria †Definition of footingsIn this subdivision, effort will be made to operationally specify the constructs to be used in the survey, particularly the dependant, independent and interceding variables of the survey. The definition is to guarantee unvarying specific mentions across the assorted spectrums of the thesis.Substance maltreatmentOperational definition The respondents entire mark on the 20item Drug Abuse Screening Test ( DAST: Skinner, 1982 ) will be used to stand for substance maltreatment in the survey. High tonss will bespeak high substance maltreatment.Self-esteemOperational definition The respondents score on the 10item Rosenberg self-esteem graduated table ( Rosenberg, 1965 ) will be used to stand for self-pride in the survey. High mark will bespeak high self-prides, while low mark will bespeak otherwise.Peer-relationshipOperational definition The respondent ‘s entire mark on the 20item equal relationship questionnaire ( Rigley & A ; Slee, 1993 ) will be used to stand for equal dealingss in the survey. High mark indicate high equal relationship.StressOperational definition The respondents score on the 14item perceived emphasis graduated table ( Cohen, 1983 ) will be used to stand for emphasis in the survey. High tonss will bespeak high emphasis in the survey.DepressionOperational definition The respondents score on the 27item Children ‘s Depression Inventory ( Kovacs, 1985 ) will be used to stand for depressive symptomatology among striplings in the survey. High tonss will bespeak high depression in the survey.Integral householdOperational definition The term integral household is used to stand for striplings populating with both parents ( male parent and female parent ) .Religious activityOperational definition The term spiritual activity is used to mention to the degree of adolescent engagement in spiritual activity. Adolescent Operational definition The term stripling as will be used in the survey implies anybody between ages of 10 to 19years.1.5 Significance of the surveyThe survey can supply the necessary consciousness on the dangers of stripling substance usage and by so making trigger treatments on the topic among policy shapers in the state. The survey will assist edify households and communities on the hazard and protective of adolescent substance maltreatment. The survey will underline the demand for early intercession for striplings at hazard for substance maltreatment given its manifest and latent effects. The survey will besides make the consciousness of â€Å" gateway † drugs such as coffin nail normally abused by striplings.1.6 Restrictions of the surveyDespite the identified importance of the survey as captured in the significance, there are several likely restrictions that warrant consideration. These awaited restraints include the followers: The sample of the survey will merely be selected from secondary schools in Somolu local authorities country of Lagos, Nigeria. The information for the survey will merely be collected at one clip point ( cross-sectional ) . The full instrument to be used in the survey will be based on self-report. Given the sensitiveness of the capable affair, pupils may non give the needed information.Chapter IILITERATURE REVIEWThe chapter will reexamine literatures on self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, integral household, spiritual activity and substance maltreatment. The reappraisal will therefore uncover a causal relationship between the independent, interceding and dependent variables of the survey. In the position of O ‘ Malley, Johnson, Bachman and Schulenberg ( 2000 ) substance maltreatment typically emerges during adolescence. Although there are some gender differences in adolescent substance usage ( Igwe, Ojinnaka, Ejiofor, Emechebe, & A ; Ibe, 2009 ) , available grounds indicate that male striplings use and abuse drugs more than their female opposite numbers. However, female striplings favor stimulations ( Chassin, Ritter, Trim, & A ; King, 2003 ) . Epidemiologic surveies conducted in the present decennary suggest that substance maltreatment symptoms additio n steadily across adolescence peculiarly among female striplings ( Johnson, Cohen, Kotler, Kasen, & A ; Brook, 2002 ) . Earlier literatures based on the comparing of young persons populating in integral versus disrupted households have suggested that life with both parents may hold a protective consequence on stripling substance usage ( Grunbaum, Kann, Kinchen, Williams, & A ; Ross, 2002 ; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2003 ) . More so, late emerging literatures contend that the issue of adolescent substance usage was more complex than originally believed. The impact legion bookmans have argued varies with gender, figure of household passages, quality of relationship with parent, alterations in socioeconomic resources, possible break of equal relationships, and other factors ( Hair, Park, Ling, & A ; Moore, 2009 ; Krohn, Hall, & A ; Lizotte, 2009 ) . Shelef, Diamond, Diamond and Myers ( 2009 ) examined whether having substance usage upset intervention had a differential impact on coffin nail smoke behaviours of mild ( 10 coffin nails per twenty-four hours ) , moderate ( 10-19 ) , and heavy ( 20 ) tobacco users ( smoked on 60 yearss in the past 90 ) utilizing 378 striplings from the Cannabis Youth Treatment survey. Findingss of the survey indicated that mild tobacco users decreased yearss of smoking during intervention and followup, whereas centrist and heavy tobacco users demonstrated a little lessening over intervention, and no alteration over follow-up. More so, the writers noted little lessening among heavy tobacco users during coffin nails per twenty-four hours intervention stage. The findings of the survey affirmed the impression that although smoke may diminish for mild tobacco users, nevertheless moderate and heavy tobacco users require more attending. In add-on, research besides affirm that depressive symptoms and substance usage portion relationships with of import hazard and protective factors, such as parental abnormal psychology, rearing jobs, kid exposure to force, school jobs, sexual activity and love relationships ( Harrison & A ; Sidebottom, 2009 ) . Studies every bit indicate that the developmental path of substance maltreatment symptoms rely chiefly on the age of oncoming, with initial oncoming of substance maltreatment before the age of 15 associated with increasing maltreatment for misss ( Chassin, Pitts, & A ; Prost, 2002 ; Nagin & A ; Tremblay, 2001 ) . Besides, well-known organic structure of research, both longitudinal and cross-sectional has demonstrated that adolescent substance maltreatment and hardship were associated with hapless mental wellness results among grownups ( Grella, Stein, & A ; Greenwell, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Ramo and Brown ( 2008 ) a major focal point in research analyzing the procedure of dependence impairment has been the word picture of diminution â€Å" determiners, † or contextual characteristics of state of affairss in grownups and striplings after been in intervention for substance maltreatment related jobs. Ramo and Brown ( 2008 ) examined adolescent and big substance maltreatment backsliding utilizing person-centered research attack by Karl Rogers ( 1957 ) in bring outing of import developmental differences in the state of affairss that make striplings and grownups most susceptible to get worse after substance maltreatment intervention. Findingss of the bookmans revealed that both striplings and grownups demonstrated two category agreements of backsliding precursors. Adults were labeled based on societal and urge state of affairss, negative and urges state of affairss. However, adolescent categories were labeled as societal and positive state of affairss an d complex state of affairss. Abundant grounds suggests that engagement in spiritual activities and integral households serve to protect or cut down the hazard of substance usage. Adolescents who attend church or mosque at least one time monthly reportedly may prosecute in smoke or imbibing but are significantly less likely to utilize marihuana and cocaine, compared with those who infrequently or ne'er attend church ( Chu, 2007 ) . Mack, Leiber, Featherstone and Monserud ( 2007 ) noted that individual parents may be less able to supply consistent supervising and monitoring for their kids, so striplings from individual parent families have more chances to experiment with substance usage and other delinquent behaviours in comparing with striplings from two-parent families. Other surveies such as Barrett and Turner ( 2006 ) confirmed the mediating function of the usage and blessing of substances by equals and exposure to emphasize. In the position of Amato and Fowler ( 2002 ) , the place of household kineticss has been examined as both a correlative and a forecaster of adolescent substance usage. Family processes harmonizing to the bookmans act as a signifier of informal societal control that can diminish the chance of delinquent stripling behaviours by plumping chances to take part in aberrant behaviours, while supplying utility pro-social activities and promoting positive development. Available grounds from literatures indicates that female substance maltreatment enlargement is interwoven with antisocial, depressive, and eating upsets symptomatology ( Angold et al. , 1999 ) . Studies therefore denote that substance maltreatment symptoms typically result in the oncoming of other perturbations, particularly antisocial symptoms ( Brook, Cohen, & A ; Brook, 1998 ) . Rohde, Lewinsohn, and Seeley ( 1996 ) discovered that intoxicant maltreatment heralded future depression in female striplings. Research grounds from both earlier and later surveies suggest that striplings who live in an agreement other than with their two biological parents study more substance usage than those who live with both parents ( Wagner et al. , 2010 ; Demuth & A ; Brown, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Chassin et Al. ( 2005 ) , populating with other people was associated with coffin nail smoke in a sample of largely white, 10 to 17-year-olds, even after commanding for features of rearing manner. Barrett and Turner ( 2006 ) stated that others agreements like life with other non biological parents was associated with elevated DSM-IV substance maltreatment and dependance symptoms, intensified coffin nail smoke ( Miller & A ; Volk, 2002 ) and smoking beginning ( Edelen, Tucker, & A ; Ellickson, 2007 ) . However, the bookmans revealed that the presence of an grownup or older sibling who smoked counteracted the protective consequence of the atomic household. Surveies have repeatedly besides found an opposite relationship between parental monitoring and adolescent substance usage ( Macauly, Griffin, Gronewold, Williams, & A ; Botvin, 2005 ; Parker & A ; Benson, 2004 ) . For case, in an earlier longitudinal survey of urban, Afro-american striplings Chilcoat and Anthony ( 1996 ) found lower quartile of parental monitoring in in-between childhood ( 8 to 10 old ages old ) was about three times more likely to originate the usage of cocaine, marihuana, and inhalants four old ages subsequently. In a survey conducted by Parker and Benson ( 2004 ) lower degrees of parental support ( perceived parental trust, apprehension, equity, and pride ) were associated with increased stripling usage of intoxicant, cocaine and marihuana in a big, ethnically diverse national study. In discrepancy to the above survey, a nationally representative study conducted by Simantov, Schoen and Klein ( 2006 ) revealed that striplings who reported high parental support and frequent communicating were about half as likely to smoke and imbibe as their opposite numbers who reported infrequent communicating and did non place their parents as foundations of encouragement.Chapter IIIMethodologyThe survey will consist junior secondary category three and senior secondary categories one to three pupils from selected schools in Somolu local authorities country of Lagos, Nigeria. Given that substance maltreatment among striplings peculiarly in Nigeria starts from schools. Therefore the school population will be the best topographic point for early sensing and bar of substance maltreatment among striplings ( Okoza et al. , 2009 ; Igwe, Ojinnaka, Ejiofor, Emechebe, & A ; Ibe, 2009 ) . The sample pupils will be drawn from three public schools in Somolu city. The city is a assorted urban-suburban community that is socioeconomically representative of the province population. The sample of pupils was chosen because they provide the most accessible theoretical account of striplings who may hold come in contact with assorted substances while in school. Approval for the survey will be obtained from the Lagos State Ministry of Education and from the principals of take parting schools.3.1.1 LocationThe survey will be conducted in Somolu Local Government country of Lagos. Somolu is bounded by 3rd Mainland Bridge in the East, Bariga in the South, Atunrase Estate in the North and Ikorodu in the West. The country covers about 11.6km2 of land, with an estimated population of 402, 673 people ( Census, 2006 ) . Somolu is a strategic location peculiarly in the widely distributed metropolis of Lagos. It easy links topographic points like Lagos Island, Obalende, Surulere and of clas s Akoka where the University of Lagos is located. The country harbors some of the major markets in Lagos and the oldest secondary school in Nigeria. As a consequence, people from different cultural groups reside in the country.3.1.2 Research DesignThe survey will chiefly be a correlativity survey, aimed at finding the strength and way of relationship between the variables of the survey. It is besides aimed at turn toing concerns such as the extent of substance maltreatment among school traveling striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria.3.1.3 Research Inclusion CriteriaTo be eligible for engagement in the survey, striplings have to be between the ages of 10 and 19 old ages, in line with WHO specified categorization of adolescent age scope. The age scope will farther be divided into early ( 10-13 old ages ) , mid ( 14-16years ) and late ( 17-19 old ages ) in consonant rhyme with earlier surveies conducted by Igwe et Al. ( 2009 ) on the socio-demographic correlatives of psychotropic substa nce maltreatment among secondary school pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria.3.1.4 Research Exclusion CriteriaAdolescent from selected schools in Somolu local authorities below the age of 10years and above the age of 19years as at last birthday will be excluded from the survey.SamplingCluster trying technique will be used to choose a sum of 370 striplings. The trying method was chosen for the survey due to the homogeneousness of the sample. More so, the technique was preferred due to the trouble associated with obtaining a sampling frame. The sample of the survey will consist English-speaking adolescent pupils from Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Owing to the indispensable nature of sample size in the statistical design of any research, it hence became of import to hold equal sample size. This is of import because equal sample size ensured dependable consequences. The reappraisal of literatures suggested that some statistical techniques were effectual in the finding of sample size. These consist of consequence size index, important standard and statistical illation power. Since these parametric quantities are interrelated, if the research worker knows one, it was possible to find the others. There are besides some well-known regulations for finding each parametric quantity, for case when finding the power for a survey, it can be set at.80 ( Cohen, 1988 ) . Another common regulation related to important degrees, harmonizing to Cohen ( 1997 ) was that in most instances a.05 value was acceptable. On the other manus, for two tailed trials, where the alternate hypothesis shows that Ma # Mb, we can conventionally utilize medium Es, assumed as equal to.5. For the intent of the current survey on relationship between self-pride, emphasis, equal relationship, depression, household background and substance maltreatment among striplings in Somolu, Lagos, Nigeria. Krejcie and Morgan ( 1972 ) methodological attack for the finding of sample size was adopted. The expression stated by the bookman is herewith captured below: n = X2 *N*P* ( 1-P ) ( ME2* ( N-1 ) + ( X2*P* ( 1-P ) Where: n = sample size X2 = Chi – square for the specified assurance degree at 1 grade of freedom N = Population size P = Population proportion ( .50 in the tabular array ) ME = Desired border of mistake ( expressed as a proportion ) ( See attached sample size tabular array ) . Therefore, in line with above mentioned parametric quantities, the sample size for the current survey was determined. Basically, a one or two tailed survey depends on old findings, as there was no similar survey at the local degree, the hypothesis will be two-tailed.Data CollectionThe information for the survey will be obtained through self-report instruments administered to pupils in their schoolrooms by a trained research helper utilizing standardised protocols. After reading the instructions to the pupils, the research helper will go around the steps in the schoolroom and will reply any single inquiries about peculiar points. The study will be administered under confidential conditions, and a certification of confidentiality protecting the information will be obtained from the Lagos State Ministry of Education. Students will be instructed non to compose their name on the study and will be assured that their replies will be purely confidential and would non be shown to their parents or instructors. Methodological research has shown that when participants are assured of their confidentiality, self-reports of substance maltreatment normally have good cogency ( Patrick et al. , 1994 ) . An approximative clip of disposal of instruments on participants of the survey will be determined during the pilot survey of the current research.3.4 InstrumentsThe instrument brochure for the current survey will incorporate a combination of gages and single points designed to mensurate background features such as age, ethnicity, household composing ( integral, divorced or detached households ) , and other variables such as self-esteem, emphasis, equal relationship, depression and substance maltreatment.Substance maltreatmentSubstance maltreatment will be measured with the 20item Drug Abuse Screening Test ( DAST : Skinner, 1982 ) . The mark of DAST scopes from 0-20 with high mark stand foring substance maltreatment.StressStress will be measured by the Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) ( Cohen, 1983 ) , a 14 point self study questionnaire designed to mensurate the grade to which state of affairss in life are appraised as stressful. The tonss of the PSS are obtained by change by reversaling the tonss on positive points and so summing all the tonss of the 14 points. The PSS graduated table tonss range from 0 to 56 with high mark stand foring high societal emphasis.Self EsteemThe 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ( Rosenberg, 1965 ) will be used to measure planetary self-pride, with higher tonss bespeaking positive dignity. Each point will be scored on a 4-point Likert graduated table runing from 1 = strongly agree to 4= strongly disagree.DepressionChildren Depression Inventory ( CDI: Kovacs, 1985 ) will be used to measure depressive symptomatology with higher tonss bespeaking high depressive sy mptomatology. The CDI consists of feelings and thoughts grouped into 27 points. The graduated table tonss range from 0 to 54.Peer relationshipPeer relationship questionnaire ( PRQ: Rigby & A ; Slee, 1993 ) will be used to mensurate equal dealingss. The PRQ has three subscales: intimidation, equal victimization, and pro-social graduated table. The instrument is used for kids between the ages of 12 to 18year and consist of 20 points scored on a 4-point graduated table, runing from Never 1, Once in a piece 2, Pretty frequently 3, and Very frequently 4.3.5 Data AnalysissIn analysing the information, the internal consistence of the graduated tables ( correlativity ) points will be measured utilizing Cronbach ‘s Alpha. The trial is undisputedly the most normally recognized step of dependability. Each subdivision of the questionnaire will be calculated individually. Before continuing into the reported tonss of the overall responses to each step, attending will foremost be given to th e normalcy of the informations distribution. The information will be inspected utilizing graphical shows such as histogram, root and foliage secret plan, box-plot and normal chance secret plan. The overall mean tonss for all the respondents along with standard divergence value will besides be calculated. In line with the aims of the survey, Independent sample t trial will be used to analyze difference, Pearson correlativity will be used to find the relationship between variables and hierarchal arrested development analyses used examine mediation.

Job Application For The Post Of International Business

Oct 14, 2015 Government Of Canada Embassy Of Canada Addis Ababa Ethiopia SUBJECT: JOB APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OFFICER Dear Sir/ Madam I am writing to apply for the above position advertized in the Fortune newspaper posted on Oct 04, 2015 G.C. The opportunity presented in your respected organization is very interesting, and I believe that my strong knowledge, skill and experience in business development along with my educational background would be useful for your kind of consideration. I have enclosed a completed job application along with assessment questions, resume, copy of my certification, and references. Question #1: Skills and experience that would help support Canadian Companies: Started†¦show more content†¦Leading the marketing department was challenging mostly, but always interesting. The joy of Assisting and guiding potential foreign investors, introducing Ethiopian social and business culture, investment opportunities and government incentives, informing the countries business policy, economy growth and political stability has been a great asset in my professional journey. As part of my duties I was responsible for initiating new contacts, arranging meeting with private and government bodies, organize events, co-ordinate investors visit, follow up successful implementation of the plan and attend different international conferences and meetings like World Economic forum, trade fairs and so on. In addition to upgrading my experience, I pursue my education and earned a 3 years course Masters in the field of Business Administration (MBA) specialization in Business Management from Cambridge International College, Britain. I am acquainted with budget preparation, analysis of financial data like return on investment, net present value and so forth. I see myself as a very determined person, flexible, with good interpersonal skill, confident, open to acquire new knowledge and ideas. If I am given the opportunity I can demonstrate the knowledge and skills I have acquired so far. The skills, knowledge, experience along with my educational background would be a useful asset to support Canadian Companies

The Use Of Drugs And Alcohol On College Campuses - 873 Words

The use of drugs and alcohol on college campuses has always been a problem but the drastic increase in the amount of college students binge drinking and abusing prescription and illegal drugs from the early 90’s till now is becoming more alarming and has to be acted upon. American colleges have had a problem with alcohol abuse since the first colleges were created, but until recently college drinking has been ignored, and tolerated, although it is proven to have negative effects not only on the students drinking but also on those who have to share the campus with them. The use of illegal drugs such as cannabis, LSD, cocaine, MDMA, and ecstasy on college campuses has also seen a drastic increase since the 90’s but it is not nearly as large as the increase of college students using and abusing prescription drugs, which although legal can be extremely dangerous and addictive. According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse(CASA) the amount of college stud ents who drink is at 70% which is quite alarming because a large proportion of these students are under the age of 21. Among these 70%, 40% (half of full time students) report to have binge drank or had 5 or more drinks in 2 hours for men and 4 of more drinks in 2 hours for women. Although the amount of students who binge drink has remained around the same amount since the 90’s the frequency in which they binge drink has shot up. According to a study by the Harvard School of Public Health those who bingeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Alcohol on Campus Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol on campus has always been a problem. Since the beginning of higher education, students have rebelled against the rules and laws of the university and the state. Underage drinking has become a nationwide pandemic. With the legal drinking age now at twenty-one, at least half of the college population is underage, leaving room for more students to engage in binge drinking at fraternities, ath letic events, and dorm rooms. The fact that half the students are underage makes them more rebelliousRead MoreThe Rules Of Attraction Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesAttraction, drug and alcohol abuse runs rampant throughout the novel. The main characters of the novel, Sean Bateman, Lauren Hynde, and Paul Denton, heavily use drugs and alcohol throughout the novel. Moreover, as the author portrays, drug and alcohol use are heavily integrated into the college campus culture, as nearly every character is using a wide assortment of drugs or alcohol readily available in the 1980s. Even though awareness of this problem is spreading, drug and alcohol use is still a bigRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Binge Drinking Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance Abuse and Binge Drinking in Bryan College Station Substance abuse is a major problem that takes place on college campuses across the nation in today’s society. According to The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse half of all full-time college students binge drink, abuse prescription drugs and/ or abuse illegal drugs. This amounts to 3.8 million students. This research essay will be focusing on substance abuse in the Bryan College Station area among students, and what solutionsRead MoreShould Guns Be Allowed On College Campuses?948 Words   |  4 PagesComparison and Contrast Paper: Should Guns Be Allowed on College Campuses? Hi I am a college student at Palm Beach State College in Florida West Palm Beach. One time I went to a guns store in which you can also practice how to use a gun. I was fourteen years the first time that I used a gun. I went to the place with my sister, three cousins and my father. The truth is that it was fun to use a gun, although we all knew it was dangerous to use one if we had not have any experience with it beforehandRead MoreEffects Of Depression Among College Campuses Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesDrug use among adolescents has been a problem in the United States for numerous years. The age frame of adolescents can bring many changes in a teenager’s life. Many life-altering events can take place during this time of one’s life and affect the person either positively or negatively. Depression can occur when adolescents are transitioning into young adult years. Moving away to college, schoolwork load, and maintaining a social life are all big parts of this time f rame in life. Many cognitive problemsRead MoreShould Guns Be Permitted On College Campuses?930 Words   |  4 PagesShould guns be permitted on College Campuses? Across the country, there has been so much concern for the safety of college students and their well being that the use and carrying of guns has been brought into case with the introduction of bills. Allowing guns on college campuses would potentially be dangerous for everyone, including students and faculty members. A lot of damage and harm could occur. While some students might use them for protection, legalizing them would also increase the chancesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers And Adolescents1703 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), substance abuse among teenagers and adolescents is transforming into America’s number one public health problem, as numbers of high school and college students abusing drugs and alcohol are on the rise (2011). In a national survey done by CASA at Columbia University, they found that 75 percent of high school students have used an addictive substance. In addition, 46 percent o f high school students reported currently using anRead MoreShould We Put Guns On Our Campuses?954 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible for this massacre. This has every school in America asking the question, should we put guns on our campuses? No, you shouldn t though it sounds like a great idea now you must think about the future impact in would have on the student population. College campuses are having an especially hard with this considering the age group in which their student body lies. If this law was passed campuses around America would have to face the fact that student would be able to carry around dangerous weaponsRead MoreShould Guns Be Guns On College Campuses?999 Words   |  4 Pageswith permits to carry concealed guns on college campuses. I am writing this from the library of a college campus in Florida two months after that bill was passed. Instead of concentrating on my work, I find my eyes wandering to my classmates. I am wondering which one of them is carrying a gu n in the library. Is it the man in the corner reading a calculus book? How about the woman across from me typing away on the library computer? How safe am I on my college campus, a place where I should be freeRead MoreHigh Frequency Of Sexual Assaults On Campuses950 Words   |  4 Pagesinto the back of a uniform vehicle. In college, there are many contributing factors to the high frequency of sexual assaults on campuses. Well of course they would not have known as they were most under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. Another factor would be their living environment, and the societal norms. Drugs also lead to the occurrences of sexual assaults on college campuses. There are many drugs that people use, known as â€Å"date rape† drugs. Drugs such as Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)

Arsenic Pollution And Arsenic Contamination - 2055 Words

a. Inorganic arsenic is highly toxic and a significant public health threat throughout the world. Long-term exposure to arsenic through contaminated water can lead to arsenic poisoning and a variety of adverse health effects, including skin lesions, cancer, and respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. However, arsenic is highly abundant in the Earth’s crust and is naturally present across the world in the air, water, and soil. Arsenic integrates into the environment with natural processes including weathering reactions and volcanic activity, and through anthropogenic processes such as mining, fossil fuel combustion, and utilization of pesticides. b. Although arsenic is found throughout the environment, epidemiological studies have†¦show more content†¦In this region, high arsenic concentrations are mostly due to the volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains. Mining is also widespread in the region, and copper smelting specifically emits arsenic into the atmosphere. It is difficult to measure mining’s impact on arsenic water contamination because baseline natural levels were not established in the area. Overall, however, arsenic released from mining processes settles mainly in the atmosphere, and studies have shown that drinking water serves as the primary path of exposure of arsenic for humans, making the naturally occurring arsenic in the groundwater a greater threat to human health in Antofagasta. ii. The Antofagasta Region has an extremely arid climate and low rates of precipitation, which greatly limit water availability and further exacerbate the effects of the natural arsenic contamination. The Loa River and its tributaries of San Pedro, Salado, and San Salvador are the only surface water sources, but this river is very saline and home to a range of arsenic levels. These arsenic levels naturally fluctuate due to its natural volcanic and geothermal origins, but generally, all the concentrations are above safe set limits for human consumption as set by the World Health Organization at 10 ug/L. 3. Arsenic Concentration Spikes a. What happened? i. In Northern Chile, there was a significant increase in arsenic concentration and exposure from1958 to 1970. The growingShow MoreRelatedArsenic Pollution And Arsenic Contamination Essay1994 Words   |  8 PagesArsenic Arsenic is a semi-metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust and has no taste or odor. In its pure, elemental state, arsenic is a grey solid. When arsenic is combined with other elements in the environment, it changes to a powder form that is either white or colorless. It is also difficult to distinguish. Traces of arsenic can be found in air, soil, water, and food. Although naturally occurring arsenic in the soil is usually only found in very low concentrations, some regionsRead MoreWater Pollution in Bangladesh1429 Words   |  6 PagesWater Pollution in Bangladesh INTRODUCTION Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. The environment, economic growth and development of Bangladesh are all highly influenced by water - its regional and seasonal availability, and the quality of surface and groundwater. Spatial and seasonal availability of surface and groundwater is highly responsive to the monsoon climate and physiography of the country. Availability alsoRead MoreInadequate Sanitary Facilities At Dhaka Water And Sewerage Authority ( Dwasa ) Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironmental hazards. 4. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water Arsenic in ground water poses a serious environmental hazard for Bangladesh. About ninety-seven percentages (97%) of Bangladesh people have been using ground water as the main source of drinking water but the water has been threatened by arsenic contamination. More than half (52%) of the studied population drink well-water containing 50ug/L of arsenic and more than two-thirds (70%) drink well-water containing 10ug/L of arsenic. The acceptableRead MoreArsenic Contamination Of Arsenic From Contaminated Water By Using Raw And Treated Laterite As An Adsorption Surface1456 Words   |  6 Pages Removal of Arsenic from contaminated water by using Raw and Treated Laterite as an adsorption surface Tejaswi Prakhar, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, prakhartejaswi@gmail.com, 783034269, SPOTLIGHT- Long Term Problem Solving, COG/05619 Arpan Singh Rajput, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, arpanvats.singh@gmail.com, 9473840682, SPOTLIGHT- Long Term Problem Solving, COG/06735 Anmol Kumar Sinha, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, SPOTLIGHT- Long Term Problem SolvingRead MoreCauses And Remedies Of Water Pollution1596 Words   |  7 PagesOF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES ABSTRACT Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe various causes and remedies for water pollution. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreThe Link Between Human Health And Groundwater Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesI have chosen is an overview of the connection between human health and groundwater. Written by Stephen Foster and Gillian Tyson (2016), the key messages of this article are how many of us rely on groundwater, which makes us more susceptible to pollution, and the effects of pesticides and chemicals. Published by the International Association of Hydrogeologists, this article directly relates to two of the United Nation’s Sustainability Goals, which are Clean Water and Sanitation, and Good Health andRead MoreWhat Causes Lung Cancer?1587 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Brian Curtis English 1010 12/08/2015 What Causes Lung Cancer besides Smoking Many of us believe that cigarettes are main causes of Lung cancer however lung cancer can be caused by exposure to asbestos, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, Radiation therapy to the lungs, Radon gas (radioactive gas) or Family history of lung cancer. Lung cancers it can also affect non-smokers (Secondhand smoke) as result of breathing .Every year, more people die of lungRead MoreAccording to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, two billion illnesses and 1.8 million700 Words   |  3 Pagesto contaminated food, human exposure to contaminated food is the most worldwide public health concern. Many people concerns about chemicals in food, food may be accidentally or deliberately contaminated by chemical hazards. Contamination occurs through environmental pollution of the air, water and soil, such as toxic metals, dioxins and PCBs, or through the use of various industrial chemicals, pesticide, power plant emission, chlordane, toxaphance, an d DDT. These chemical substances which persistRead MoreResearch Paper : World Awareness Research1774 Words   |  8 Pagescontaminated, the EPA uses the terms point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. More information pertaining to your specific water source can be obtained by reading your water suppliers annual quality report. Often times in an agricultural setting, man-made chemicals (Ex. pesticides, inorganic compounds) end up on land and are either absorbed into the ground water source or carried via runoff to a nearby body of water. This results in the contamination of both ground and surface water sources inRead MoreThe Effects Of Arsenic On The Human Health Risk Of Arsenic1041 Words   |  5 PagesSource apportionment, distribution and mobilization of arsenic (As) in groundwater are hot topic that have received a significant attention among the scientific communities in the last two decades as a consequence of the human health risk associated with ingestion of As-containing water in the Ganges delta region (Welch and Stollenwerk 2003; Reza and Jean 2012; Joseph et al. 2015). Geochemical process of As in groundwater is increasing with time, which aggravates anxiety due to its toxic effects

Death Penalty the Christian View Free Essays

string(61) " than the good which may be expected from their improvement\." In almost every society, there are crimes and violations of human rights. To deal with these things, there are laws that prescribe the prevention of their occurrences. However, if the law is broken, commensurate punishment is put on the violator. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty: the Christian View or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on the seriousness of the crime, the punishment may be light such as imprisonment for up to one year with corresponding fines, or it could also be severe as death penalty. Capital punishment or death penalty is usually imposed on persons who committed heinous crimes and are those that endanger the safety of the society. Some countries and societies implement capital punishment while others do not. There are various reasons for this policy of countries, including the social view on the death penalty and the prevailing religious view in the society among others. One of the foremost arguments for the imposition of death penalty is that it acts as a deterrent for heinous crimes. Most societies throughout history have used capital punishment. Governments have also used this extensively to execute persons that do not conform to the laws and standards of conduct in the society. Throughout history, capital punishment was also used to suppress political dissent and to preserve the prevailing order in the society. Nowadays, the death penalty is being imposed on capital crimes such as treason against the state, espionage, and murder. In other countries, crimes that are of sexual nature such as rape, sodomy, and adultery are also punishable by death. Human trafficking, plunder and corruption, as well as drug trafficking are also punishable by death in other countries. The foremost reason being given for the imposition of capital punishment is its power to deter crimes. The argument says that if heinous crimes are punishable by death, would-be perpetrators of such crimes would protect their lives and they will not commit heinous crimes. On the part of the victims of such crimes, they also receive justice and redress for the injury through the capital punishment. On the other hand, capital punishment is a lot less expensive than life imprisonment (Paternoster, 1991). There are a lot of debates surrounding the imposition of capital punishment. Almost all countries in Europe, as well as in the Pacific area, and Latin America have abolished capital punishment in the name of respecting and protecting human rights. There are still a large number of countries that retained it, however. The United States Federal government with 36 States has retained it. Brazil imposes capital punishment only during wartime while countries in Asia and Africa also retained it. Notably, South Africa does not have capital punishment in spite of the high incidence of violent crimes such as murder and rape. South Korea no longer imposes capital punishment, as well as Uzbekistan, because it was not being used for a long time. A number of individuals, organizations, and human rights advocates object to the imposition of capital punishment. The questions they raise concern the effectiveness of capital punishment in deterring crimes. Moreover, there is always the possibility that the innocent person will be sentenced to death. Once the penalty is imposed, it can no longer be undone even if a separate investigation will render the accused as innocent from the crimes. There are also a number of instances in which minority groups are discriminated against in imposing capital punishment. Minority groups usually have lesser access to the best lawyers. As such, they run the greater risk of being proclaimed guilty for the crimes for which they are accused. With capital punishment, once death penalty is imposed, it is final. The person will have no chance to reform his ways or redeem his actions. He has been condemned by the courts to be forever separated from the rest of the society. In the 62nd General Assembly of the United Nations in 2007, the UN passed a resolution calling for the universal ban on capital punishment. This resolution asked the member-states of the UN to impose a moratorium on imposing the death penalty with the eventual plan of abolishing capital punishment. This resolution was made in recognition of the human rights of accused criminals and the possibility of redemption and change. Various religions also have varied responses to capital punishment. Even a particular denomination or religious group may not have a unified stand regarding capital punishment. Religious sentiments do play a significant part in the views of people regarding capital punishment. The Bible is replete with various passages that may seem to support or condemn capital punishment. The Old Testament, particularly, is based upon a morality of â€Å"teeth against teeth† and â€Å"life for life. † The books of laws of the Old Testament actually prescribe stoning to death the persons who commit serious crimes against God and against the community. A number of biblical scholars have considered the part of the Ten Commandments that say â€Å"You shall not kill† as a prohibition against individual cases of murder (The Ryrie Study Bible, Exodus 20:13). In the first place, the Christian faith believes that humans are created in the image of God. As such, a serious crime against another person is also a crime against God. In the Old Testament, premeditated murder was sufficient reason for the death penalty (Numbers 35:31, 33). Moreover, in Genesis 9:6, it can be read that â€Å"whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed†. St. Thomas Aquinas also published his thoughts regarding capital punishment. He said that â€Å"the civil rulers execute, justly and sinlessly, pestiferous men in order to protect the peace of the state† (Summa Contra Gentiles, III, 146). Furthermore, St. Thomas Aquinas talked about the need to impose death penalty on the crime doers. â€Å"The fact that the evil, as long as they live, can be corrected from their errors does not prohibit the fact that they may be justly executed, for the danger which threatens from their way of life is greater and more certain than the good which may be expected from their improvement. You read "Death Penalty: the Christian View" in category "Essay examples" They also have at that critical point of death the opportunity to be converted to God through repentance. And if they are so stubborn that even at the point of death their heart does not draw back from evil, it is possible to make a highly probable judgment that they would never come away from evil to the right use of their powers† (St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, Book III, 146). The sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross is at the centerpiece of Christianity. Without such sacrifice, there would be no Christian faith. Such sacrifice is also a form of capital punishment in the sense that he bore the sins of the whole world. Such sin therefore requires the death penalty and Christ willingly went to the Cross to satisfy the requirements of a just and loving God for the remission of sins. Although the Old Testament has a number of provisions for death penalty, the New Testament appears to emphasize the love of God. This has been seized by anti-capital punishment advocates in moving towards the abolition of capital punishment. John 8:7 (NIV) of the Bible, which reads, â€Å"But Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger. When they kept on questioning him, he straightened up and said to them; â€Å"If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her. † is being taken as a passage supporting the abolition of capital punishment. In this regard, the sixth commandment is also being preached in a lot of churches as a prohibition against capital punishment. Several Christians also point to the love and grace of God as reason why capital punishment should not be instituted. Following this line of argument, it means that criminals are being given the maximum time for the possibility of repentance and redemption. With God’s grace and love, even criminals may still get a chance to reform their ways. Christian groups have diverse opinions and individual Christians do have the choice for their own preference and view apart from the official stand of their churches. Historically, the Roman Catholic Church accepted capital punishment based on the theology and views of St. Thomas Aquinas. The reason behind this is the way in which death penalty can deter and prevent crime. It is not a means for revenge. However, during the time of Pope John Paul II, the Roman Catholic Church revised this position. This position was defined by Pope John Paul II through the encyclical he released entitled Evangelium Vitae. As a result of this, the Roman Catholic Church now believes that capital punishment is not the best way to deal with crimes. Rather, capital punishment should be avoided except in cases where it is the only means available to defend the society from the criminal or offender. Given the present situation of penal systems, such need for execution is virtually non-existent. According to the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church, â€Å"Assuming that the guilty party’s identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, nonlethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people’s safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person. Today, in fact, as a consequence of the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm – without definitely taking away from him the possibility of redeeming himself – the cases in which the execution of the offender is an absolute necessity are very rare, if not practically nonexistent† (Catechism of the Catholic Church, no. 2267). Given this position, the Roman Catholic Church has affirmed the sanctity of life through this position. Such position aims to affirm the dignity and rights of a person even if he has committed some crimes. The position promoted and adopted by the Roman Catholic Church through Pope John Paul II is a revolutionary one and it is in keeping with the prevailing views in the world today regarding the abolition of death penalty. Depending on the stand of the churches, more liberal groups tend to be abolitionist, meaning they want to abolish death penalty. The more conservative denominations of Christianity tend to support the imposition of death penalty. Protestant Christian Churches also have their official stand regarding capital punishment. The Anglican and Episcopalian churches has opted a policy that condemns death penalty in 1988 through the Lambeth Conference of Anglican and Episcopal bishops. The United Methodist Church, as well as other Methodist churches all over the world has taken the position against capital punishment. The church says that it cannot support capital punishment on the basis of social vengeance and retribution. More importantly, capital punishment tends to be imposed more frequently to marginalized sectors of the society such as the uneducated, ethnic and racial minorities, the poor, and the disenfranchised. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church, which meets once in every four years, asked its bishops to oppose capital punishment and advocate for governments to impose a moratorium on the implementation of death penalty (United Methodist Church website, 2007). The Lutheran Church in America also opposes the death penalty. Such decision was made in 1991 through a social policy statement that the church released. The policy stated that vengeance is the main reason for the imposition of capital punishment. Furthermore, the Church believes that repentance, forgiveness, and redemption are necessary for true healing to be accomplished (ELCA, 2007). With this policy, the Lutheran Church joins the throng of Christian churches that support the abolition of death penalty. Given these stands of various churches, most denominations appear to support the abolitionist position. The interpretation of these churches of the Christian faith is one in which God’s love and mercy takes precedence over the imposition of punishment on the erring party. There are still churches within the Lutheran tradition that supports death penalty. They cite the stand of Martin Luther regarding death penalty and the way that this represents the justice of God. This also means that churches are now more and more in sync with the ideas and movements of other cause-oriented groups in the society. As time moves on, the views of Christian churches are also changing. There is almost a universal consensus regarding the importance of abolishing death penalty. For Christians, however, there are important issues at stake. This also concerns the emphasis on God’s justice, or God’s love. This also has an implication on the advocacies and ministries of Christian Churches. Traditionally, Christianity has emphasized the justice and the holiness of God and the way in which humans fall short of this. Moreover, justice means equality for all and that people get what they deserve. Given this framework of understanding, capital punishment is necessary. In recent years, however, there has been an emphasis on God’s love and grace. This means that the churches have redefined their role to dispense grace and promote forgiveness, healing, and reconciliation. This does not sit well, however, for the advocates of capital punishment. Because the major denominations such as the Roman Catholic Church, the United Methodist Church, and the Lutheran church have worldwide presence, this means that the abolitionist perspective has a better chance to be propagated all over the world. In this regard, the Christian church is working hand in hand with the United Nations, Amnesty International, and other human rights groups in promoting the dignity of humans. If the advocacy of rights groups and the churches succeed, this means that more and more countries might forego the capital punishment in the coming years. The effects of this on the incidence of crime and the social and governance policy of governments all over the world remain to be seen. How to cite Death Penalty: the Christian View, Essay examples

Interpretation of Forrest Gump free essay sample

In this character analysis paper the character of Jenny Curran from the award winning movie Forrest Gump will be the subject of discussion. This paper will present an analysis of the Jenny’s personality as it is applicable to Psychodynamic theory. The paper will present my rationale for the choice to use the Psychodynamic theory to describe Jenny Curran’s personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation of Forrest Gump or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, this paper will present a description of the psychodynamic theory utilizing the work of Sigmund Freud regarding personality development. The paper will contain a description of Jenny Curran, as well as, an analysis of her personality utilizing Psychodynamic theory focusing on structure, process, growth, development, and change. This analysis will indentify psychopathologies, which developed as a result of the Jenny’s life experiences. Furthermore, there will be a description of other variables by the writer, which indentify internal and external factors that contributed to the development of Jenny Curran’s personality. Sigmund Freud developed an over-all view of personality in which behavior is a result of struggles among drives and needs that inevitably conflict (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver, 2005 p. 74). The psychoanalytic theory view is that personality is developed gradually as the individual move through different psychosexual stages: oral, anal, and phallic. Sigmund Freud also theorized that a person operates from three states of being: the id, the superego, and the ego. â€Å"The Psychoanalytic theory places enormous emphasis on the role of early life events for later personality development (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver, 2005 p. 12). † Jenny developed fixation in the oral and the anal stages of her psychosexual stage. She acts out in behavior characteristic of those stages to reduce the tension, she was experiencing in her life. Jenny experiences conflict between the id and the ego and she receive punishment from the superego. â€Å"The psychoanalytic theory of anxiety states that at some point the person experiences a trauma, an incident of harm or injury (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver 2005 p93). † We develop ways to distort reality and exclude feelings from awareness so th at we do not feel anxious (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver 2005 p93). † Jenny from early childhood developed defensive mechanism to protect herself from the pain she had experienced and was experiencing. â€Å"Anxiety represents a repetition of the early traumatic experience; Anxiety in the present is related to an earlier danger (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver 2005 p93). † Freud suggested in his psychoanalytic theory that anxiety result from conflict between the drive of the id instincts and the threat of punishment by the superego (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver 2005 p93). The Psychoanalytic theory places enormous emphasis on the role of early life events for later personality development (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver, 2005 p. 112). † Jenny developed fixation in the oral and anal stages of her psychosexual stage. Jenny’s fixation in the oral stage manifested in substance abuse issues. Jenny’s fixation in the anal stage manifested in defiant personality and an inability to relate to authority. Jenny was able to work thr ough the fixation she developed in her psychosexual stages. She no longer needed to act out in behavior characteristic of those stages. Jenny was able to resolve the conflict between the id and the ego and she no longer received punishment from the superego that made behavior unhealthy. Jenny developed into a responsible mother and raised little Forrest, and acceptance of her terminal health issues. Jenny was able to make amends and accept responsibility for wrongs and build a relationship and marriage with Forrest until her death Psychodynamic theory is a form of psychology that has focus on the unconscious thoughts and feeling as causing one’s conscious behaviors and experiences. The id is the energy drive, as well as a childlike structure that makes demands for immediate gratification (Pervin, Cervone, amp; Oliver, 2005)†. The superego is the moral side that seeks perfection and is the source of a person’s internal retribution such as feeling guilty, humiliated, or inferior. The superego has been called the conscience according to Frank (1999), and the ‘self-evaluating’ component of the personality. The ego is the reality seeker that mediates between the id and the superego with logic and a sense of normalcy (Pevin, Cervone, amp; Oliver, 2005). According to Pervin, Cervone, amp; Oliver (2005), the ego is never static but always changing and is the expresser of â€Å"perpetual and cognitive skills†. The rationale for choosing the Psychodynamic theory to analyze the character of Jenny from the movie Forrest Grump is: â€Å"The Psychoanalytic theory places enormous emphasis on the role of early life events for later personality development (Cervone, Pervin, Oliver, 2005 p. 112). † Psychosocial development theorizes that each person must go through a series of stages in sequence with the potential to develop new capabilities in each successive stage (Erikson, 1980). The character Jenny experienced significant amount of trauma during her early childhood. These traumatic experiences shape Jenny’s future personality and behavior. Sigmund Freud’s theories present the best illustrates how Jenny’s personality was shape. Moreover, Freud’s application of his theories utilizing the three state of being: the id, superego, and ego masterfully describe the drive behind Jenny’s behaviors and experiences. In addition, Freud’s psychosexual stages identify stagnations in Jenny’s development from inability to resolve conflict during specific psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic. Psychodynamic theory illuminates areas of conflict that result Jenny’s inability to function and deal with the anxiety and conflict produce from her traumatic experiences. The character of Jenny Curran from the movie Forrest Gump is the focus of this personality analysis paper. Jenny Curran was born on July 16, 1945 and raised in a struggling small farming community in Alabama. Jenny had two sisters that were talked about by Forrest Gump; however, the girls were never seen during the move. Jenny’s mother’s died when she was five years old, which left Jenny and her sisters to be raised by her father. Jenny and her sisters during that period of time became victims of sexual abuse and physical abuse. Jenny’s father had a serve drinking problem and was a pedophile and violent individual. Jenny was remove from her father’s home by the police and was separated from her sisters. She was placed in the home with her grandmother who she live with of and on during the movie. Jenny’s relationship with her grandmother was depicted during the movie. During this period of her life Jenny was a very troubled little girl and Jenny’s only safety came from her friendship with Forrest. Jenny was unsuccessful at many of the goals she set for herself in the film she drifted from abusive relationship to another. She struggle with the morays and taboos of that era manifesting in behaviors that resulted in her being expelled from college for posing nude in her college sweater. In addition she worked in a strip club and sang folk music in the nude. Jenny struggled with anxiety and the development of in effective defense mechanism that did more damage to her persona then protecting. Jenny eventually got involved in drugs and alcohol. Moreover, at one point it appeared that she was possibly involved prostitutions. However, it was not clarified in the movie but it appeared that she was robbing a customer who was passed out. Jenny contemplated suicide several times during the film. At one point when she was with Forrest in Washington D. C. and another time she was seen standing on the ledge in a pent house or luxury hotel. Jenny clearly displays issues which the five major components of psychodynamic theory can be applied. In conclusion, the character of Jenny Curran from the award winning movie Forrest Gump was the subject of discussion. The paper presented an analysis of the Jenny’s personality as it is applicable to Psychodynamic theory. The paper presented the writer’s rationale for his choice to use the Psychodynamic theory to describe Jenny Curran’s personality. In addition, the paper presented a description of the psychodynamic theory utilizing the work of Sigmund Freud regarding personality development. The analysis additionally indentified psychopathologies, which developed as a result of the Jenny’s life experiences.